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Oesophageal involvement due to tuberculosis (TB) and coinfection with HTLV-1 is rare and can be complicated by the presence of other infections that affect the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, such as COVID-19. We present the case of a 27-year-old male patient, with 3 months of illness, weight loss, dysphagia, and ulcers in the oral cavity. Tomography showed oesophageal perforation and after oesophageal ulcer biopsy, TB was diagnosed, in addition to infection by HTLV-1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). The patient responded satisfactorily to antituberculous treatment and corticosteroids. Considering the association between rare extrapulmonary tuberculosis and other immunosuppressive pathologies, it is crucial to identify these pathologies in such patients.
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This proceedings contains 112 s that cover a wide range of topics related to microbiology. The s cover a wide range of topics related to microbiology, including new paradigms in a microbe-threatened world, the human-animal spillover of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications for public health, preparing for the next pandemic, antimicrobial resistance and the fight against it. Furthermore, tuberculosis, monkeypox, and their potential threat on a global scale are also discussed. The presentations also cover a variety of other topics, such as vaccines and vaccinations, COVID-19 vaccines, addressing vaccine hesitancy, key issues related to the COVID-19 healthcare system, regional support for outbreak preparedness, enhancing regional health security in Asia through genomic surveillance, the role of molecular diagnostic capacity in COVID-19 control, antimicrobial resistance in COVID-19 times, paediatric nosocomial infections, prescription ethics from a primary care perspective, the BCG vaccine and its relevance in the prevention of tuberculosis and beyond, tuberculosis as a forgotten pandemic, vector-borne diseases during COVID-19, the role of media advocacy in vector-borne diseases control and management, engaging communities in tackling vector-borne diseases, the way forward in managing mental health in the COVID-19 endemic phase, the spread of zoonotic diseases, and whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2: clinical applications and experience.
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A 64-year-old never-smoker man, with professional exposure, presented to Marius Nasta Pneumophtisiology Institute for fatigability to effort, in the context of severe SARS-COV2 infection one month previously. His medical history includes pulmonary tuberculosis (55 years ago) and newly diagnosed type II diabetes (261 mg/dL glycemia). The thoracic tomography computer in the immediate post-COVID period (Fig. 1A) revealed the presence of glass ground lesions and a 3 cm nodule with cystic degeneration in the upper left lobe. A gross examination of the specimen identified a condensation area of 2.5 cm diameter, brown-grey colored, with necrosis and central ulceration. Microscopic examination showed the presence of bronchiectasis with squamous metaplasia of the epithelium, which appears ulcerated;numerous calcium oxalate crystals with adjacent foreign body granulomatous reaction;endobronchial are present fibrinous and inflammatory debris, brown-black pigment, and septate, dichotomous branching hyphae, suggestive of Aspergillus spp. A periodic acid-Schiff stain was performed, identifying the fungal hyphae. The histopathological diagnosis was bronchiectasis supra-infected and colonized with fungal filaments (Aspergillus niger).
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Background and Aim: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by sandflies and is one of the endemic diseases of Iran. With the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic worldwide, the virus will interface with endemic infectious diseases in different regions. In this study, coronavirus disease was evaluated in patients with a history of leishmaniasis referred to the Center of Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy. Methods: A total of 91 patients with a history of leishmaniasis were studied for possible SARS-CoV-2 infection. The number of patients referred to the Center of Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy during the coronavirus epidemic was also compared with the same period before the epidemic Results: A total of 60% of patients with leishmaniasis did not report coronavirus disease. Twenty-one percent of cases had a mild corona disease, 13% had a moderate and 3% had severe corona disease. Only a single death was reported in corona patients with a history of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The number of referrals before the beginning of the corona epidemic was twice as high as during the epidemic. Conclusion: In these participants, mortality and side effects of COVID-19 were significantly less reported. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the immune system and cutaneous leishmaniasis protection against COVID-19. Various factors can be effective in reducing patients during the epidemic, including not going to medical centers, reducing the number of trips, and observance of health issues.
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Introduction: The detection rate of tuberculosis may have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the new reality and habits created to combat the pandemic. Background: To analyze the incidence of tuberculosis in Brazil during the years 2018 to 2020;comparing the detection rate during this period in general and vulnerable populations. Methods: Data on the incidence of tuberculosis in the years 2018, 2019, and 2020 were collected from the Registry of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, taking into account the distribution by age, sex, and affiliation to vulnerable groups such as homeless people, inmates, health professionals and immigrants. Results: The overall number of new tuberculosis cases in 2020 was lower than in 2018 and 2019. There was no difference in the percentage of men and women or between age groups. The incidence of tuberculosis among people belonging to vulnerable groups remained the same in 2020 as in 2018 and 2019. Conclusion: New cases of tuberculosis decreased equally in all segments of the population studied during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Background and purpose: There are limited studies on co-infection of COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to describe the clinical, radiological, laboratory characteristics, treatment and outcome of patients admitted with tuberculosis and COVID 19 co-infection. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, we investigated all patients with either active TB or old TB and COVID-19 admitted to Qaemshahr Razi Teaching Hospital between 2020 and 2022. Results: A total of 9251 patients with COVID-19 were admitted to our hospital between February 2020 and May 2022. There were eight patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection, including five (62.5%) male patients. The mean age of these patients was 61.13..22.63 years old. The mean time of symptom onset to hospital admission was 15.13..30.56 days and 50% were diagnosed with active TB and other half had old TB. Four patients were admitted to the ICU, three of whom required ventilation. Finally, four (50%) patients deceased. In this study, among factors that influence patients' outcomes, only underlying diseases were significantly associated with death. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is assumed to cause a higher mortality risk in COVID-19 patients, especially in those with chronic underlying diseases.
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The World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted a resolution on May 27, 2022, with the goal of assisting developing nations in building up their capacity to conduct their own clinical trials. This will allow them to test new medications, vaccines, and other health interventions for the benefit of their populations while cooperating with other nations to respond to pandemics more quickly. The resolution aims to assist nations in addressing current health issues like tuberculosis, diabetes, and mental health issues in addition to assisting nations in responding more quickly to public health emergencies. Additionally, there will be greater global collaboration among clinical trial researchers, which will cut down on research waste, and greater transparency will make it easier for nations to share trial results. The resolution aspires to strengthen clinical trials for all types of healthcare interventions, including novel diagnostics, surgical techniques, and behavioral interventions, in addition to trials for medications and vaccines. The resolution also calls for the creation of fresh diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines within 100 days of the discovery of a fresh pandemic threat. The resolution calls on research funders to allocate funds to developing nations and conduct clinical trials to address health issues that disproportionately affect their populations. It also calls on nations to increase international coordination to quickly assess medications and vaccines in the event of a pandemic in the future.
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Objective To analyze the characteristics and trend of medical care-seeking delay, and related factors in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients in Chaoyang district of Beijing from 2014 to 2020 and provide scientific evidence for the early detection and control of pulmonary TB. Methods The information of pulmonary TB patients registered in Chaoyang from 2014-2020, including age, gender, occupation, current address, date of onset, date of first visit and results of etiological examination, were collected from National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The factors associated with the medical care seeking delay in pulmonary TB patients were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression model. Results The median interval (quartiles) from symptom onset to seeking health care was 9 (0, 33) days in pulmonary TB patients in Chaoyang during 2014-2020, the medical care seeking delay rate was 42.60% (4 269/10 020), and the prevalence of medical care seeking delay showed a downward trend from 2014 to 2020 (trend X2=111.002, P < 0.001). The results from the multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of non-local household registered patients was 1.189 (1.076-1.315);the ORs and 95% CI of retired personnel, students/children outside child care settings, the jobless/unemployed, staff member/teacher/doctor and other occupation were 1.396 (1.149-1.696), 1.282 (1.009-1.628), 1.507 (1.307-1.739), 1.787 (1.532-2.085) and 1.978 (1.558-2.512);the OR and 95% CI of retreated patients was 1.631(1.275-2.088). Conclusion The overall medical care-seeking delay rate in pulmonary TB patients in Chaoyang showed a downward trend. Non-local household registration, being retired personnel, being students/children outside child care settings, being the jobless/unemployed, being staff member/teacher/doctor, and being retreated patients were the risk factors of the medical care-seeking delay in pulmonary TB patients in Chaoyang.
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Some epidemiological situations, because of their magnitude and their propagation dynamics, can escape local or national control. For example, the world is currently experiencing an uncontrollable cross-border spread of the corona virus (Covid-19). The Wilaya of Batna is among the most affected in Algeria by many epidemiological diseases, including tuberculosis, which raises questions about possible causal links between this contagious and often fatal disease and the environmental and socio-economic reality of this territory. We based our study on a number of factors, covering economic, societal and health aspects, which constitute indicators of the standard of living in each of the 61 communes of the Wilaya of Batna. The relationship between the epidemiological status of tuberculosis in these communes and these indicators showed significant correlations and thus confirmed the reliability of the choice of parameters of vulnerability to tuberculosis. To understand their interaction and impact on the disease and its spatial distribution, we used the hierarchical multicriteria analysis (AHP) method, the results of which were implemented in a GIS database. The aim was to provide health and territorial decision makers with a decision support tool. The results show that the spatial distribution of tuberculosis cases which reappeared in the Wilaya of Batna after its eradication since years is in good correlation with the socio-economic situation of each commune of the territory and confirm that this scourge of tuberculosis is closely linked to the degradation of the living conditions of the inhabitants.
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Introduction: India has highest burden of tuberculosis cases both drug sensitive as well as drug resistance in the world. Covid-19 pandemic had affected infectious diseases like TB, HIV, Malaria in developing countries like India. Here, we aimed to study the impact of lockdown on diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in Surat, Gujarat, India due to SARS-Cov-2. Method: Cross sectional survey of Tuberculosis patients regarding problems faced during lockdown involving all 18 TB unit of Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) was done, 15 patients were randomly selected by simple random sampling of line list of patients of each unit and secondary data analysis, data was collected from District Tuberculosis centre for rural part and SMC for urban part.
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In September 2021 (from 00:00, 1 September to 24: 00, 30 September), a total of 500 929 cases of notifiable communicable diseases, including 2 172 deaths, were reported in China (except Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan Province, the same below). In communicable diseases in class A, no case and no death were reported. In communicable diseases in class B, no cases and no deaths of severe acute respiratory syndrome, poliomyelitis, human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, diphtheria and human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were reported. For the remaining 22 communicable diseases in class B, 272 332 cases were reported, a decrease of 0.9% compared with last month (274 917 cases) and a decrease of 5% compared with the same period in 2020 (287 923 cases). The first 5 diseases in terms of reported case number were viral hepatitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea and brucellosis, accounting for 94% of the total reported cases in class B. A total of 2 172 deaths were reported, an increase of 5% (95 deaths) compared with last month (2 077 deaths) and a decrease of 5% compared with the same period in 2020 (2 291 deaths). According to the website of the National Health Commission of China, a total of 1 264 confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported, without death, by 31 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps from 00:00, 1 September to 24: 00, 30 September, 2021. In class C communicable diseases, a total of 228 597 cases were reported, an increase of 10% compared with last month (207 153 cases) and a decrease of 7% compared with the same period in 2020 (247 112 cases). The first 3 diseases in terms of reported case number were other infectious diarrhea, hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and influenza, accounting for 93% of the total reported cases in class C. Compared with last month, except filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis, leprosy and other infectious diarrhea which decreased by 1 case, 11 cases (39%), 12 cases (33%) and 12 747 cases (12%) respectively, the reported cases of all other diseases increased, the diseases with obvious case increases were HFMD (15 352 cases, 22%), influenza (14 160 cases, 66%) and mumps (4 253 cases, 51%). Compared with the same period in 2020, the diseases with reported case increases were influenza (17 269 cases, 95%), visceral leishmaniasis (4 cases, 31%), rubella (19 cases, 27%) and typhus fever (32 cases, 18%), filariasis had no incidences in both years, and the diseases with obvious reported case decreases were HFMD (26 506 cases, 23%). other infectious diarrhea (5 628 cases, 6%) and mumps (523 cases, 4%). No death caused by class C communicable diseases was reported, same to the last month and a decrease of 3 deaths compared with the same period in 2020 (3 deaths).
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TB is not considered a common comorbidity of COVID-19. Although there is some information on TB-COVID-19 coinfection in the medical literature, the scientific evidence on the potential influence of COVID-19 on the course of TB and TB services is still meager. To address these issues, the Global TB Network has launched, with the support of WHO, a global multicenter cohort study on the clinical course and evolution of people with COVID-19 and TB9. The questions raised in this article are the following: (1) Does COVID-19 increase the risk of reactivation of TB?;(2) What risk of TB mortality can be attributed to COVID-19?;(3) What are the other determinants of mortality in patients co-infected with TB and COVID-19?;(4) Does BCG vaccination protect?;(5) Do patients co-infected with TB and COVID-19 require different clinical management? If so, what kind of handling? (6) What influence will COVID-19 have on TB services in the coming years? (7) Are patients with post-TB sequelae at higher risk of contracting COVID-19? As of October 2020, 132 centers from 36 countries, including leading centres from Argentina, had joined the study. In the present circumstances, when faced with a suspected case of COVID-19 with nonspecific respiratory infection and prolonged or atypical clinical evolution, TB should be investigated in high-prevalence areas, especially in population groups at risk of TB.
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Tuberculosis (TB) has infected billions of people worldwide. The clinical appearance of TB is close to that of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Active pulmonary TB infection can lead to severe pulmonary distress syndrome. Recent studies have revealed the clinical significance of TB surveillance in COVID-19 patients. In this mini-review, we compiled data from published literature and addressed the significance of interplay between TB and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. Bilateral cross-relationship between these two major public health issues can be classified into two main categories. On one hand, active TB and multidrug-resistance infections lead to poor prognosis, particularly in elderly patients with COVID-19. On the other hand, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caused major harm to the global TB services and surveillance.
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The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted many health service systems including tuberculosis (TB) control in India. As of October 19, 2020, India has the second highest number of COVID cases globally, amounting to 7.55 million reported COVID-19 cases and 114,640 deaths. Indian Council of Medical Research's Bacille Calmette-Gu..rin vaccine study among elderly individuals in COVID-19 hotspots involves the following strategy such as COVID screening by antibody testing and real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerized chain reaction, TB screening by symptom and chest X-ray, and those who are tested positive will be linked to the national tuberculosis elimination programme for the management, this could be a sustainable new strategy in combating the two pandemic diseases, especially in India with high TB and COVID-19 disease burden. To ensure no one is left behind, the paradigm shift of screening for TB and COVID should be in place to sustain the progress made toward TB elimination.
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This special issue contains 17 articles that discuss the management, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiological studies, and other research studies that can help to understand and provide evidence of the best management and control of tuberculosis during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Zoonoses contribute an estimated 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases in humans. All groups of mammals have been shown to act as hosts for transmission of different organisms that cause zoonoses, followed in importance by birds; with both wild and domestic species identified as hosts in specific cases. There has been considerable research progress leading to a better understanding of the host range, animal origin, evolution, and transmission of important zoonoses, including those caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. However, there are still knowledge gaps and new confirmed and potential hosts are reported locally with some frequency. Both the economic cost and burden of disease of zoonoses are substantial at local and global levels, as reflected by recent coronavirus pandemics that spread rapidly around the world. Evidence-based prevention strategies are currently a global priority increasingly recognized, especially in zoonoses-affected regions.